When enough space is available, streamers can also form at much lower pressures, like in the case of sprite discharges high up in the atmosphere. Streamers are the precursors of other discharges like sparks and lightning, but they also occur in for example corona reactors or plasma jets which are used for a variety of plasma chemical purposes. Streamers are propagating ionization fronts with self-organized field enhancement at their tips that can appear in atmospheric air, or more generally in gases over distances larger than order 1 cm times N 0/ N, where N is gas density and N 0 is gas density under ambient conditions. In this review we describe a transient type of gas discharge which is commonly called a streamer discharge, as well as a few related phenomena in pulsed discharges. Furthermore, the role and appearance of instabilities in the discharge operation is discussed. The discharge maintenance is discussed including the electron heating processes, the creation and role of secondary electrons and Ohmic heating, and the sputter processes. An overview is given of the operating parameters, the discharge properties and the plasma parameters including particle densities, discharge current composition, electron and ion energy distributions, deposition rate, and ionized flux fraction. Ionized physical vapor deposition was initially achieved by adding a secondary discharge between the cathode target and the substrate and later by applying high power pulses to the cathode target. Due to target poisoning the reactive sputter process is inherently unstable and exhibits a strongly non-linear response to variations in operating parameters. This includes reactive magnetron sputtering which exhibits hysteresis and is often operated with an asymmetric bipolar mid-frequency pulsed waveform. The magnetron sputtering discharge is either operated as a dc or radio frequency discharge, or it is driven by some other periodic waveforms depending on the application. The development from the direct current (dc) diode sputter tool to the magnetron sputtering discharge is discussed as well as the various magnetron sputtering discharge configurations. There has been a continuous development of the magnetron sputtering technology to improve target utilization, increase ionization of the sputtered species, increase deposition rates, and to minimize electrical instabilities such as arcs, as well as to reduce operating cost. Continued abuse of our services will cause your IP address to be blocked indefinitely.Magnetron sputtering deposition has become the most widely used technique for deposition of both metallic and compound thin films and is utilized in numerous industrial applications. Please fill out the CAPTCHA below and then click the button to indicate that you agree to these terms. If you wish to be unblocked, you must agree that you will take immediate steps to rectify this issue. If you do not understand what is causing this behavior, please contact us here. If you promise to stop (by clicking the Agree button below), we'll unblock your connection for now, but we will immediately re-block it if we detect additional bad behavior. Overusing our search engine with a very large number of searches in a very short amount of time.Using a badly configured (or badly written) browser add-on for blocking content.Running a "scraper" or "downloader" program that either does not identify itself or uses fake headers to elude detection.Using a script or add-on that scans GameFAQs for box and screen images (such as an emulator front-end), while overloading our search engine.There is no official GameFAQs app, and we do not support nor have any contact with the makers of these unofficial apps. Continued use of these apps may cause your IP to be blocked indefinitely. This triggers our anti-spambot measures, which are designed to stop automated systems from flooding the site with traffic. Some unofficial phone apps appear to be using GameFAQs as a back-end, but they do not behave like a real web browser does.Using GameFAQs regularly with these browsers can cause temporary and even permanent IP blocks due to these additional requests. If you are using Maxthon or Brave as a browser, or have installed the Ghostery add-on, you should know that these programs send extra traffic to our servers for every page on the site that you browse.The most common causes of this issue are: Your IP address has been temporarily blocked due to a large number of HTTP requests.
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