However, since early 2022, this amount has increased significantly. Until 2021, the Western Pacific had a relatively low number of cases. As of 19 June 2022, 535 million COVID-19 cases have been confirmed, resulting in over 6 million deaths worldwide (World Health Organization (WHO) 2022). The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has had global adverse effects. Thus, this study recommends establishing training programmes that enhance perceived control and perceived health competence while encouraging preventive behaviour to support the mental health of nursing students, particularly young female students. During the pandemic, risk factors that can worsen mental health among the nursing students included younger age, women, higher preventive health behaviour, lower perceived control, and lower perceived health competence. However, no difference was observed after adjusting for perceived control, individual factors, socio-economic factors, and preventive behaviours. Furthermore, Japanese students exhibited significantly higher levels of stress and/or symptoms of depression induced by the social distancing orders compared to the American students ( z = −4.218, P < 0.001). In contrast to the American students, the Japanese students demonstrated significantly lower levels of perceived control and significantly higher levels of preventive health behaviours. Hierarchical logistic regression was used to analyse the participant data in this study. The study consisted of 878 participants, comprising both undergraduate and graduate nursing students from four universities in Japan, and one from the US. The current cross-sectional study provides a comparative analysis of the impact of mental health factors on nursing students in Japan and the United States (US) in the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. However, limited studies have underscored the association between preventive health behaviour levels and mental health effects among nursing students. In order to enhance statistical power of postmortem studies, power analysis should be performed in which the effect size found in this study can be used as a guideline.In the context of mental health, university students have been considered a vulnerable population. Conclusion The probability of a type-II error in post-mortem studies is considerable. Using this value to calculate the statistical power of another group of postmortem studies (n = 5) revealed that the average statistical power of these studies was poor (1-b \ 0.80). Results In this study, an average effect size of 0.46 was found (n = 22 SD = 0.30). Calculations were performed for two groups (Student's t-distribution) and multiple groups (one-way ANOVA F-distribution). The minimal significance (a) and statistical power (1-b) were set at 0.05 and 0.80 respectively. Methods GPower was used to perform calculations on sample size, effect size, and statistical power. This can be an aid in performing power analysis to determine a minimal sample size. Further, this study aimed to find an estimate of the effect size for postmortem studies in order to show the importance of this parameter.
Purpose The aim is of this study was to show the poor statistical power of postmortem studies.
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